We are passionate about creating supplements with ONLY THE GOOD STUFF - and none of the bad. Heres a list of a few ingredients we will never include in our supplements. 

Sucralose

Sucralose is a low-calorie sweetener found in food products, chewing gums, diet beverages, and sports supplements.

Human and animal studies have found sucralose damages gut health by changing the gut microbiome.(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) It reduces levels of "friendly" gut bacteria(3) – like bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria. Unfortunately, the alteration in the gut microbiome may be long-lasting(4) and could cause inflammation and chronic disease.(9)(10)(11)

Non-nutritive sweeteners like sucralose may increase your risk for type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, migraines, and even malignant tumors(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)

People use sucralose to avoid blood sugar spikes and manage blood glucose levels, but artificial sweeteners may impair glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) This is contrary to claims that sucralose has negligible effects on blood sugar and insulin levels!.

The intense sweetness of sucralose may also increase calorie intake by reducing satiety and changing your brain's response to food – giving you a preference for sweet foods and increasing sugar cravings.(31)(32)(33)(34) This may explain why artificial sweeteners are associated with a higher body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and waist circumference.(35)(36)(37)

Sources

1. Weit & Beyts. (1992). Sensory Characteristics of Sucralose and other High Intensity Sweeteners. https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1992.tb14345.x
2. Schiffman & Rother. (2013). Sucralose, a synthetic organochlorine sweetener: overview of biological issues. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24219506/
3. Méndez-García et al. (2022). Ten-Week Sucralose Consumption Induces Gut Dysbiosis and Altered Glucose and Insulin Levels in Healthy Young Adults. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35208888/
4. Abou-Donia et al. (2008). Splenda alters gut microflora and increases intestinal p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18800291/
5. Zhang et al. (2021). Low Doses of Sucralose Alter Fecal Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35028307/
6. Plaza-Diaz et al. (2020). Plausible Biological Interactions of Low- and Non-Calorie Sweeteners with the Intestinal Microbiota: An Update of Recent Studies. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32326137/
7. Nettleton et al. (2016). Reshaping the gut microbiota: Impact of low calorie sweeteners and the link to insulin resistance? https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27090230/
8. Suez et al. (2015). Non-caloric artificial sweeteners and the microbiome: findings and challenges. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25831243/
9. Bian et al. (2017). Gut Microbiome Response to Sucralose and Its Potential Role in Inducing Liver Inflammation in Mice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28790923/
10. Dai et al. (2020). Maternal sucralose intake alters gut microbiota of offspring and exacerbates hepatic steatosis in adulthood. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32228300/
11. Li et al. (2020). Sucralose Promotes Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Risk in a Murine Model Along With Changes in Microbiota. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32582527/
12. Suez et al. (2014). Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25231862/
13. Yanina Pepino, M. (2016). Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4661066/
14. Fagherazzi et al. (2017). Chronic Consumption of Artificial Sweetener in Packets or Tablets and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: Evidence from the E3N-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28214853/
15. Imamura et al. (2015). Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26199070/
16. Nettleton et al. (2009). Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19151203/
17. Risdon et al. (2021). Sucralose and Cardiometabolic Health: Current Understanding from Receptors to Clinical Investigations. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33578411/
18. Azad et al. (2017). Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28716847/
19. Fowler SPG. (2016). Low-calorie sweetener use and energy balance: Results from experimental studies in animals, and large-scale prospective studies in humans. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27129676/
20. Mossavar-Rahmani et al. (2019). Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and All-Cause Mortality in the Women's Health Initiative. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30802187
21. Patel et al. (2006). Popular sweetener sucralose as a migraine trigger. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16942478/
22. Soffritti et al. (2016). Sucralose administered in feed, beginning prenatally through lifespan, induces hematopoietic neoplasias in male Swiss mice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27078173/
23. Méndez-García et al. (2022). Ten-Week Sucralose Consumption Induces Gut Dysbiosis and Altered Glucose and Insulin Levels in Healthy Young Adults. Micro-organisms. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35208888/
24. Pepino et al. (2013). Sucralose affects glycemic and hormonal responses to an oral glucose load. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23633524/
25. Bueno-Hernández et al. (2020). Chronic sucralose consumption induces elevation of serum insulin in young healthy adults: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32284053/
26. Romo-Romo et al. (2018). Sucralose decreases insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30535090/
27. Ahmad et al. (2020). Effect of sucralose and aspartame on glucose metabolism and gut hormones. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32065635/
28. Swithers SE. (2013). Artificial sweeteners produce the counterintuitive effect of inducing metabolic derangements. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23850261/
29. Dalenberg et al. (2020). Short-Term Consumption of Sucralose with, but not without, Carbohydrate Impairs Neural and Metabolic Sensitivity to Sugar in Humans. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32130881/
30. Lertrit et al. (2018). Effects of sucralose on insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in healthy subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30005329/
31. Yunker et al. (2021). Obesity and Sex-Related Associations with Differential Effects of Sucralose vs Sucrose on Appetite and Reward Processing: A Randomized Crossover Trial. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34581796/
32. Hill et al. (2014). The effect of non-caloric sweeteners on cognition, choice, and post-consumption satisfaction. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25128835/
33. Rudenga & Small. (2011). Amygdala response to sucrose consumption is inversely related to artificial sweetener use. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22178008/
34. Wang et al. (2017). Chronic Sucralose or L-Glucose Ingestion Does Not Suppress Food Intake. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28768164/
35. Ragi et al. (2021). The effect of aspartame and sucralose intake on body weight measures and blood metabolites: role of their form (solid and/or liquid) of ingestion. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34420538/
36. Mitsutomi et al. (2014). Effects of a nonnutritive sweetener on body adiposity and energy metabolism in mice with diet-induced obesity. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24140095/
37. Fowler et al.  (2008). Fueling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long-term weight gain. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18535548/

Acesulfame Potassium

Acesulfame potassium – also known as ace-K – is a zero-calorie sweetener used in diet beverages, protein shakes, pre-workouts, and supplements. A combination of acetoacetic acid and potassium.

Acesulfame potassium disrupts your body's gut microbiome – the colonies of beneficial bacteria and yeast in the colon – by destroying beneficial bacteria and increasing gut permeability.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) The damage caused to the gut microbiome is associated with weight gain and glucose intolerance.(1)(4)(5)(6)(8)(9)

You may think artificial sweeteners have no impact on blood sugar. However, acesulfame potassium significantly increases glucose uptake in the intestine, putting you at risk for blood sugar imbalances.(10)(11)(12)(13) It's also associated with inflammation, atherosclerosis, and other markers of cardiovascular disease in those with obesity and high cholesterol.(14)(15)

Evidence suggests using non-nutritive sweeteners like Ace-K affects memory and other neurological and cognitive functions.(16)(17)(18)(19) It's also a potential carcinogen.(20)  

Resources

1. Bian et al. (2017). The artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium affects the gut microbiome and body weight gain in CD-1 mice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28594855
2. Harpaz et al. (2018). Measuring Artificial Sweeteners Toxicity Using a Bioluminescent Bacterial Panel. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30257473/
3. Shahriar et al. (2020). Aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose- influence on the metabolism of Escherichia coli. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336183/
4. Suez et al. (2015). Non-caloric artificial sweeteners and the microbiome: findings and challenges. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25831243
5. Feehley & Nagler. (2014). Health: The weighty costs of non-caloric sweeteners. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25231865/
6. Suez et al. (2016). Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25231862/
7. Hanawa et al. (2021). Acesulfame potassium induces dysbiosis and intestinal injury with enhanced lymphocyte migration to intestinal mucosa. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34368996/
8. Yanina Pepino, M. (2016). Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4661066/
9. Bridge-Comer et al. (2021). Impact of Maternal Intake of Artificial Sweetener, Acesulfame-K, on Metabolic and Reproductive Health Outcomes in Male and Female Mouse Offspring. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34938757/
10. Zheng & Sarr. (2013). Effect of the artificial sweetener, acesulfame potassium, a sweet taste receptor agonist, on glucose uptake in small intestinal cell lines. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22948835/
11. Mace et al. (2007). Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495045/
12. Plows et al. (2020). Consumption of the Artificial Sweetener Acesulfame Potassium throughout Pregnancy Induces Glucose Intolerance and Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Mice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32321168/
13. Liang et al. (1987). The effect of artificial sweetener on insulin secretion. 1.The effect of acesulfame K on insulin secretion in the rat (studies in vivo). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2887500/
14. Sylvetsky et al. (2020). Consumption of Diet Soda Sweetened with Sucralose and Acesulfame-Potassium Alters Inflammatory Transcriptome Pathways in Females with Overweight and Obesity. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32281732/
15. Lin et al. (2021). Consumption of Non-Nutritive Sweetener, Acesulfame Potassium Exacerbates Atherosclerosis through Dysregulation of Lipid Metabolism in ApoE-/- Mice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836239/
16. Cong et al. (2013). Long-term artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium treatment alters neurometabolic functions in C57BL/6J mice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23950916/
17. Ibi et al. (2018). Effect of Ace-K (acesulfame potassium) on brain function under dietary restriction in mice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29458115/
18. Solis-Medina et al. (2018). Astrogliosis and decreased neural viability as consequences of early consumption of aspartame and acesulfame potassium in male Wistar rats. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30264280/
19. Pase et al. (2017). Sugar and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and the Risks of Incident Stroke and Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28428346/
20. Karstadt M. (2006). Testing Needed for Acesulfame Potassium, an Artificial Sweetener. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC1570055

FD&C Red Dye No. 3

Red dye no. 3 – also known as Erythrosine – is a cherry red food dye and coloring found in candy, popsicles, supplements, and sports drinks. 

Red dye 3 is problematic for children as food dyes increase behavioral problems like Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)

Red dye 3 may inhibit mitochondrial respiration, the process of creating cellular energy.(11) It may also be carcinogenic – it has been linked to DNA damage and thyroid tumors in rats.(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) In addition, aspiring parents should avoid red dye 3. Studies have found it may impact reproductive health by damaging sperm cells and impairing embryo development.(18)(19)

Sources

1. F.D.A. Limits Red Dye No. 3. (1990). https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/30/science/fda-limits-red-dye-no-3.html
2. Dalal & Poddar. (2010). Involvement of high plasma corticosterone status and activation of brain regional serotonin metabolism in long-term erythrosine-induced rearing motor hyperactivity in young adult male rats. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20465369/
3. Arnold et al. (2012). Artificial food colors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms: conclusions to dye for. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22864801/
4. Bateman et al. (2004). The effects of a double blind, placebo controlled, artificial food colorings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a general population sample of preschool children. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15155391/
5. Boris & Mandel. (1994). Foods and additives are common causes of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8179235/
6. McCann et al. (2007). Food additives and hyperactive behavior in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17825405/
7. Schab & Trinh. (2004). Do artificial food colors promote hyperactivity in children with hyperactive syndromes? A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15613992/
8. Stevens et al. (2014). Amounts of artificial food colors in commonly consumed beverages and potential behavioral implications for consumption in children. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24037921/
9. Nigg et al. (2012). Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22176942
10. Colombini & Wu. (1981). A food dye, erythrosine B, increases membrane permeability to calcium and other ions. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6271212/
11. Reyes et al. (1996). Effect of organic synthetic food colors on mitochondrial respiration. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8647306/
12. Chequer et al. (2012). Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of erythrosine B, a xanthene food dye, on HepG2 cells. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22847138/
13. Mpountoukas et al. (2010). Cytogenetic evaluation and DNA interaction studies of the food colorants amaranth, erythrosine and tartrazine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20667460/
14. Borzelleca et al. (1987). Lifetime toxicity/carcinogenicity study of FD&C Red No. 3 (erythrosine) in rats. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2824305/
15. Sasaki et al. (2002). The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160896/
16. Jennings et al. (1990). Effects of oral erythrosine (2',4',5',7'-tetraiodofluorescein) on the pituitary-thyroid axis in rats. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2160137
17. Kobylewski & Jacobson. (2012). Toxicology of food dyes. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23026007/
18. Abdel Aziz et al. (1997). A study on the reproductive toxicity of erythrosine in male mice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9299211/
19. Gupta et al. (2019). Toxic Effects of Food Colorants Erythrosine and Tartrazine on Zebrafish Embryo Development. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338210770_Toxic_Effects_of_Food_Colorants_Erythrosine_and_Tartrazine_on_Zebrafish_Embryo_Development

FD&C Red Dye No. 40

Red dye no. 40 – also known as Allura Red or E129 – is the most common red dye used in food, beverages, body care products, medications, and supplements in the US. Red dye no. 40 is an azo food dye made from petroleum byproducts.

Research suggests red dye 40 is toxic and may raise your cancer risk by inducing DNA damage.(1)(2)(3) It may also be a source of carcinogenic compounds like benzidene.(4) As with other azo food dyes, red dye 40 is associated with behavioral issues and hyperactivity in children.(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) This food dye may also disrupt the immune system, worsening allergies and inflammation.(15)(16)

Sources

1. Vorhees et al. (1983). Developmental toxicity and psychotoxicity of FD&C red dye No. 40 (allura red AC) in rats. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6636206/
2. Tsuda et al. (2001). DNA damage induced by red food dyes orally administered to pregnant and male mice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11294979/
3. Sasaki et al. (2002). The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160896/
4. Potera C. (2010). DIET AND NUTRITION: The Artificial Food Dye Blues. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC2957945
5. Boris & Mandel. (1994). Foods and additives are common causes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8179235/
6. Schab & Trinh. (2004). Do artificial food colors promote hyperactivity in children with hyperactive syndromes? A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15613992/
7. Arnold et al. (2012). Artificial food colors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms: conclusions to dye for. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22864801/
8. Stevens et al. (2014). Amounts of artificial food colors in commonly consumed beverages and potential behavioral implications for consumption in children. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24037921/
9. Nigg et al. (2012). Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22176942/
10. Stevens et al. (2013). Mechanisms of behavioral, atopic, and other reactions to artificial food colors in children. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23590704/
11. Bateman et al. (2004). The effects of a double blind, placebo controlled, artificial food colorings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a general population sample of preschool children. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15155391/
12. McCann et al. (2007). Food additives and hyperactive behavior in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17825405/
13. Sonuga-Barke et al. (2013). Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23360949/
14. Bakthavachalu et al. (2020). Food Color and Autism: A Meta-Analysis. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32006369/
15. Vojdani & Vojdani. (2015). Immune reactivity to food coloring. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25599186/
16. Leo et al. (2018). Occurrence of azo food dyes and their effects on cellular inflammatory responses. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29290353/

FD&C Blue Dye No. 1

Blue dye No. 1 – also known as Brilliant Blue – is a triphenylmethane food dye derived from petroleum. It's used in food, beverages, supplements, and medications in the US. The relationship between synthetic food dyes – like blue dye 1 – and neurological and behavioral problems in children is well established.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)

Research shows blue dye 1 may damage liver and kidney function and impair metabolic function by inhibiting cellular respiration.(6)(7)(8) Blue dye 1 may also cause allergy symptoms in some people and could even contribute to tumor growth.(9)(10)(11)(12)

When added to enteral feeding solutions, blue no.1 can cause blue-green skin and urine, low blood pressure, and even death in some patients.(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) 

Sources

1. Lau et al. (2006). Synergistic interactions between commonly used food additives in a developmental neurotoxicity test. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352620
2. Arnold et al. (2012). Artificial food colors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms: conclusions to dye for. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22864801/
3. Nigg et al. (2012). Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22176942/
4. Sonuga-Barke et al. (2013). Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23360949/
5. Stevens et al. (2014). Amounts of artificial food colors in commonly consumed beverages and potential behavioral implications for consumption in children. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24037921/
6. Mahmoud N. (2006). Toxic effects of the synthetic food dye brilliant blue on liver, kidney and teste function in rats. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265143593_TOXIC_EFFECTS_OF_THE_SYNTHETIC_FOOD_DYE_BRILLIANT_BLUE_ON_LIVER_KIDNEY_AND_TESTES_FUNCTIONS_IN_RATS
7. Reyes et al. (1996). Effect of organic synthetic food colors on mitochondrial respiration. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8647306/
8. Wang et al. (2013). The food dye FD&C Blue No. 1 is a selective inhibitor of the ATP release channel Panx1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23589583/
9. Kobylewski & Jacobson. (2012). Toxicology of food dyes. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23026007/
10. Mikkelsen et al. (1978). Hypersensitivity reactions to food colors with special reference to the natural color annatto extract (butter color). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/150265/
11. Swerlick & Campbell. (2013). Medication dyes as a source of drug allergy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23377335/
12. Merinas-Amo et al. (2019). Biological Effects of Food Coloring in In Vivo and In Vitro Model Systems. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6560448/
13. Zillich et al. (2000). Skin discoloration with blue food coloring. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10928398/
14. Lucarelli et al. (2004). Toxicity of Food Drug and Cosmetic Blue No.1 dye in critically ill patients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14769768/
15. Carpenito & Kurtz. (2002). Green urine in a critically ill patient. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11920362/
16. Maloney et al. (2002). Food dye used in enteral feedings: a review and a call for a moratorium. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16214982/
17. Gaur et al. (2003). Systemic absorption of FD&C blue dye associated with patient mortality. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14612608/